PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS

UNIT-I 

(a) Pharmaceutical analysis- Definition and scope 

i) Different techniques of analysis 

ii) Methods of expressing concentration 

iii) Primary and secondary standards. 

iv) Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions- Oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate 

(b) Errors: Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy, precision and significant figures 

(c) Pharmacopoeia, Sources of impurities in medicinal agents,limit tests. 

UNIT-II 

Acid base titration: Theories of acid base indicators, classification of acid base titrations and theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very weak acids and bases, neutralization curves 

Non aqueous titration: Solvents, acidimetry and alkalimetry titration and estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl 

UNIT-III

Precipitation titrations: Mohr’s method, Volhard’s, Modified Volhard’s, Fajans method, estimation of sodium chloride. 

Complexometric titration: Classification, metal ion indicators, masking and demasking reagents, estimation of Magnesium sulphate, and calcium gluconate. 

Gravimetry: Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis. Purity of the precipitate: co-precipitation and post precipitation, Estimation of barium sulphate. 

Basic Principles,methods and application of diazotisation titration.

UNIT-IV 

Redox titrations

(a) Concepts of oxidation and reduction 

(b) Types of redox titrations (Principles and applications) Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Bromatometry, Dichrometry, Titration with potassium iodate 

UNIT-V 

Electrochemical methods of analysis 

Conductometry- Introduction, Conductivity cell, Conductometric titrations, applications. 

Potentiometry - Electrochemical cell, construction and working of reference (Standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode and calomel electrode) and indicator electrodes (metal electrodes and glass electrode), methods to determine end point of potentiometric titration and applications. 

Polarography - Principle, Ilkovic equation, construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode, applications